If you have been reading about ACTH 片段 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-02-16. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
The compound was developed in the 1980s at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow, where it emerged from research on short ACTH fragments and their effects on the central nervous system. Russian pharmaceutical listings describe it as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent, most often formulated as nasal drops. It is not a marketed medicine in the United States or the European Union, and no pharmacopoeial monograph covers it. Consequently, most published clinical experience with the substance originates from a small number of research centres, mainly in Russia and neighbouring countries.
Pharmacological accounts link semax to melanocortin signalling and to modulation of neurotrophic factor expression, particularly brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor. Much of this evidence comes from rodent studies using intranasal delivery, a route chosen because it allows peptides to reach the central nervous system with limited systemic exposure. Whether the same mechanisms operate in humans at comparable magnitude remains an open question. The precise receptor or receptors responsible for the reported behavioural and neuroprotective effects have not been conclusively identified.
Semax 是人工设计的七肽，序列为 Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro，骨架取自促肾上腺皮质激素片段 ACTH(4-10)。它于二十世纪八十年代在苏联的分子遗传学研究机构内合成。设计目标是保留该片段与注意力和记忆相关的活性，同时剔除促皮质激素释放等内分泌作用。此后俄罗斯将其登记为药品并进入临床使用。
当时的短肽研究普遍关注能否穿越血脑屏障、在低剂量下产生中枢效应，Semax 属于这一路线。鼻内给药是其主要使用方式，俄语文献报道的适应症涵盖缺血性卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作、认知功能减退以及视神经病变。这些研究大多发表在当地期刊上，样本规模与终点设置同西方试验惯例存在差异，国际同行对其临床证据的强度看法不一。
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C37H51N9O10S | Free acid form of the heptapeptide; depends on terminal groups |
| Molecular mass | About 813.9 g/mol | Average mass used for mass spectrometry confirmation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Supplied as a lyophilised powder; hygroscopic |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in aqueous media | Water, saline, and phosphate buffers; limited organic solubility |
| Typical storage temperature | -20 degrees Celsius | Long term and dry; short working periods may use 2 to 8 degrees Celsius |
The reticulocyte production index (RPI), also called a corrected reticulocyte count (CRC), is a calculated value used in the diagnosis of anemia. This calculation is necessary because the raw reticulocyte count is misleading in anemic patients. The problem arises because the reticulocyte count is not really a count but rather a percentage: it reports the number of reticulocytes as a percentage of the number of red blood cells. In anemia, the patient's red blood cells are depleted, creating an erroneously elevated reticulocyte count.
Shiga toxin type 1 and type 2 (Stx-1 and 2) are the Shiga toxins produced by some E. coli strains. Stx-1 is identical to Stx of Shigella spp. or differs by only one amino acid. Stx-2 shares 55% amino acid homology with Stx-1. Cytotoxins – an archaic denotation for Stx – is used in a broad sense. Verocytotoxins/verotoxins – a seldom-used term for Stx – is from the hypersensitivity of Vero cells to Stx. The term Shiga-like toxins is another antiquated term which arose prior to the understanding that Shiga and Shiga-like toxins were identical.
39. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 2001 Sep-Oct;(5):517-21. [Rhythm of protein synthesis in cultures of hepatocytes from rats of different ages. Norm and effect of the peptide livagen]. [Article in Russian] Brodskiĭ VIa, Khavinson VKh, Zolotarev IuA, Nechaeva NV, Malinin VV, Novikova TE, Gvazava IG, Fateeva VI. The circumhoralian rhythm of protein synthesis was determined in a monolayer culture of hepatocytes from rats at the age of 1 to 24 months and weighing from 45 to 480 g, respectively. The peptide lyvagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) obtained by directed chemical synthesis on the basis of amino acid analysis of the liver polypeptide preparations increased the level of protein synthesis in the hepatocytes from rats of different ages; the highest effect was observed in the cells of old animals. In old rats, lyvagen increased the amplitude of protein synthesis fluctuations. The peptide epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) constructed on the basis of analysis of the epiphysis peptides did not change the intensity of protein synthesis in the cultured hepatocytes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Sac6 Sla1p Srv2 (CAP) S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, (SAHH) Sla2p Synaptopodin Scinderin (adseverin) Synapsins Scruin Spectrin Severin Spectraplakins SVSII Shot (Short stop) Spire Shroom Smitin (Smooth Musc.Titin) Supervillin SipA Smoothelin Sucrose synthetase SipC Sra-1 Spinophilin Ssk2p Swinholide Talin protein Toxophilin Twinfilin Tau Trabeculin Twinstar TCP-1 Transgelin Transgelin 2 Transgelin 3 Tensin Tropomodulin Thymosin Tropomyosin Titin Troponin TOR2 Tubulin bIV Ulapualide Utrophin Unc-87 Unc-60 (ADF/cofilins) VASP Vav Verprolin VDAC Vibrio cholerae RTX toxin Villin Vinculin Vitamin D-binding protein WIP WASp Y-box proteins YpkA (YopO) Zipper protein Zo-1 Zyxin The Encyclopaedia of Actin-Binding Proteins (and Drugs)– alphabetical list, sourced profile for each Maciver, Sutherland (ed.). "The Encyclopaedia of Actin-Binding Proteins (and Drugs)". Maciver Lab Web Page (online ed.). School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2005-11-24. Actin-Binding+Proteins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
AS9100 Revision C (2009), Quality Management System – Requirements for Aviation, Space and Defense Organizations The update of AS9100 from revision B to C is largely to address the following question: "Our supplier is repeatedly late on delivery and failing to meet our requirements, how is it possible that they still have their AS9100 certificate?" That is, the AS9100C changes are driven by repeated delivery of non-conforming product and repeated late delivery by organizations that held AS9100A/B certifications. Those organizations had documented controls that conformed to the standard, however, there were insufficient processes in place to assure effectiveness of those controls. The response in this AS9100 revision is to elevate the requirements for Risk Management and to make Risk Management an integrated theme throughout the standard. A major challenge to AS9100B-compliant organizations was the new AS9100 auditing standards defined in AS9101 Revision D, which eliminates the clause-based compliance checklist and requires organizations to provide evidence of effectiveness of their systems and processes. Summary of changes between AS9100B and AS9100C:
It is believed that the tyrosine amino acid found along the amino acid sequence of alpha-sarcin allows for the specificity when alpha-sarcin binds to the rRNA. It is the alcohol group found on the tyrosine amino acid that allows for this binding. This was determined in tests that removed the alcohol group, replacing tyrosine with phenylalanine, and the binding affinity was greatly reduced. The region of the DNA that makes alpha-sarcin is highly conserved, along with the corresponding sequence on the targeted ribosome. The corresponding sequence on the targeted ribosome is a centered around a guanine nucleotide located on what is called the "bulged-G motif".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Eculizumab (Soliris) appears to be useful for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). In September 2011 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it as an orphan drug to treat people with aHUS. This approval was based on two small prospective trials of 17 people and 20 people. In the UK, NICE issued guidance on the use of Eculizumab for treating aHUS, based on five evidence sources, including those used by the FDA No randomised controlled trials were identified. All prospective studies were phase 2, open‑label, non‑randomised, single‑arm studies that included patients with different clinical baseline characteristics. The prospective studies lasted 26 weeks; however, patients were allowed to continue treatment with eculizumab in a long‑term extension study. Ravulizumab-cwvz (Ultomiris) is a second generation monoclonal antibody for aHUS made by Alexion pharmaceuticals, Inc. The target of ravulizumab-cwvz is the same eculizumab (Soliris) with changes to the structure of the antibody resulting in a longer serum half life and therefore reduced dosing regimen.
Several phase 1 clinical trials have been performed by experts in the field of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Hans Klingemann and Sally Arai completed a US trial at Rush University Medical Center (Chicago) in renal cell cancer and melanoma patients in 2008, and Torsten Tonn, MD and Oliver Ottmann, MD completed the European trial at the University of Frankfurt in patients with various solid and hematological malignancies in 2013. Armand Keating at Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto conducted a trial in which NK-92 cells were given to patients who had relapsed after autologous bone marrow transplants for leukemia or lymphoma. In all clinical trials so far, NK-92 cells were administered as a simple intravenous infusion, dosed two or three times per treatment course, and given in the outpatient setting. Of the 39 patients enrolled across the three studies, 2 serious (grade 3–4) side-effects occurred during or after the infusion of NK-92 cells, the side effects disappeared afterward. The doses given to patients ranged from 1 × 108 cells/m2 to 1 × 1010 cells/m2 per infusion. Patients received between two and three infusions over a period of less than a week. About one-third of the treated patients had clinically meaningful responses with some of them fully recovering.
The image above shows the interpretation of an antibody panel used in serology to detect antibodies towards the most relevant blood group antigens. Each row represents "reference" or "control" red blood cells of donors which have known antigen compositions and are ABO group O. The + symbol means that the antigen is present on the reference red blood cells, and 0 means it is absent; nt means "not tested". The "result" column to the right displays reactivity when mixing reference red blood cells with plasma from the patient in 3 different phases: room temperature, 37 °C and AHG (with anti-human globulin, by the indirect antiglobulin test).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is described as a synthetic analogue of the ACTH(4–10) fragment, a short segment of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Its sequence differs from that fragment and includes two proline residues, which influence stability and behaviour in solution.
It appears in Russian pharmaceutical listings as a nasal formulation, but it is not an authorised medicine in the United States or the European Union. Outside those markets it is normally encountered as a research chemical rather than a prescription product.
Laboratory and animal work points to melanocortin signalling and changes in neurotrophic factor levels, especially brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The exact receptor targets and the degree to which these findings transfer to humans are still unresolved.
不存在。它是依据 ACTH 的一段序列人工设计的分子，天然蛋白质中找不到与之完全相同的七肽。名称属于研究代号，而非天然物质名。